The Inflaton and Time in the Matter-Gravity System

The emergence of time in the matter-gravity system is addressed within the context of the inflationary paradigm. A quantumminisuperspace-homogeneous minimally coupled inflaton system is studied with suitable initial conditions leading to inflation and the system is approximately solved in the limit for large scale factor. Subsequently normal matter (either non homogeneous inflaton modes or lighter matter) is introduced as a perturbation and it is seen that its presence requires the coarse averaging of a gravitational wave function (which oscillates at trans-Planckian frequencies) having suitable initial conditions. Such a wave function, which is common for all types of normal matter, is associated with a “time density” in the sense that its modulus is related to the amount of time spent in a given interval (or the rate of flow of time). One is then finally led to an effective evolution equation (Schrödinger Schwinger-Tomonaga) for “normal” matter. An analogy with the emergence of a temperature in statistical mechanics is also pointed out.